CAMPBELL HALL STUDIOS 

Northern Facade  Campbell Hall, designed by Belluschi and DeMay, became the primary academic building of the School of Architecture when construction was completed in 1970.  The intention of the architectural designers to admit an abundant amount of north light into the 3rd and 4th floor studios is clearly evident by the extensive floor-to-ceiling glazing elements on the north facade as well as the linear roof monitor. Unfortunately, the  artificial lighting system and controls were designed to function independent of the daylighting performance.  On each floor ambient artificial light is provided by 2’ x 2’ overhead fluorescent luminaires nestled within an exposed concrete waffle structure; suspended below the roof monitors are large HID can luminaires. Task lighting at each student work station is accommodated through a grid of floor receptacles serving portable drafting lamps.

 

3rd floor  Walking through either studio floor during daylight hours, one observes many students working with their task lights on, all ambient lights on, and yet there appears to be large areas receiving ample levels of natural daylight. During evening hours the same ambient luminaires remain on throughout the night - even when no students are present. These conditions suggest the potential for a significant reduction in annual energy consumption if artificial light level controls could be integrated with the available daylight, and occupancy sensors were installed.

 

4th floor  Given the perception of abundant north light, this case study seeks to determine how daylighting performs throughout the studio floors, and to identify how well the existing electrical circuit layouts match-up with the daylight illuminance values. The project  was conducted by the third year class of eighty-six undergraduate architecture students enrolled in the Spring semester ECS - Lighting Fundamentals lecture/lab course

HYPOTHESIS 

3rd Floor Studios  Sufficient daylight occurs in many areas of the 3rd and 4th floor studios to warrant a significant reduction in the lumen output of the existing ambient luminaires. By controlling the daytime artificial light levels and utilizing occupant sensing devices, substantial annual energy reduction can be effected.  Concurrent with initial course lectures covering lighting fundamentals, vision, and luminous measurements, specific case study questions were introduced and discussed to help students understand how their field measurements would be used. Some of the more focused questions included:     What light quantities are necessary to perform a range of visual tasks at the drafting tables? Are there areas where admitted daylight is sufficient to perform some or all of these tasks? Is there an ambient light level range, inclusive of daylight and artificial components, that satisfies general lighting needs - as opposed to task lighting needs? Can the existing electrical circuit layout incorporate light level controller devices that properly integrate daylight?...or, should the circuits be modified and expanded?

 

Eastern Facade with monitor profile

METHOD OF INVESTIGATION 

Visual Comfort Survey 

In preparation for conducting studio measurements each student completed a ‘visual comfort evaluation’ form as it applied to her/his drafting table location. The evaluation generated subjective visual comfort responses - followed by illuminance measurements - under various combinations of daylighting, ambient, and task light sources. 

Daylight Measurements - 3^rd and 4^th floors 

Using Minolta T-1 and TL-1 illuminance meters, daylight measurements were recorded at each drafting table on both studio floors. The floors were subdivided into West, Central, and East sections to create six reasonably sized areas in which groups of student volunteers conducted measurement sessions during the winter and spring months.  .  

 Electrical Circuit Layouts 

Information concerning the numerous electrical circuits that serve the ambient lighting systems, as well as the applicable circuit breaker controls, were obtained from the as-built construction drawings and confirmed by student inspection. The circuit breaker panel boxes are wall mounted at four discrete locations on each floor.  

	3rd Floor	4th Floor
Reflected Ceiling Plan Fluorescent and HID Luminaires

 

Data Assembly for Analysis  

Plans and reflected ceiling drawings of the studio floors were provided as a computer resource to the School of Architecture by the university Facilities Management group. Two 4^th year students, using Microstation CAD, expanded these base drawings to include drafting/work station tables, electrical circuit layouts, and all daylight measurement values for subsequent analysis. 
 

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